Operating Manual

01Your Job

You're in charge of the reactor in Unit 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. Manage the nuclear fission reactor so that stable radioactivity levels create steam that turns a turbine and makes electricity for the grid. Simple right? Just make sure to avoid a meltdown and a core explosion and handle any unexpected events along the way...

02Game Modes

Same flawed reactor in every mode

■ Easy Mode

  • Shorter shift
  • Steady demands
  • Fewer surprises

■ Hard Mode

  • Longer shift
  • Tougher demands
  • More to deal with

■ Safety Test

  • The night of 26 April 1986
  • Follow the test team's orders
  • Can you save Unit 4?

■ Free Mode

  • No time limit
  • No demands
  • Learn the reactor

03Core Concepts

Like Legasov's cards: red cards push radioactivity up, blue cards push it down. Aim for balance.

▲ Red cards: push it up

  • Uranium-235 fuel, especially when cold
  • Steam in the system
  • Graphite in the tips of the control rods

▼ Blue cards: push it down

  • Boron in the control rods
  • Xenon in the core
  • Hot fuel

04Controls

Control Rods (×10)

More insertion → radioactivity down. Less insertion → radioactivity up.

AZ-5

Inserts every control rod at once, except any that have jammed. Use it to stop a radioactivity spike.

Water Pumps (×4)

The more pumps powered and running, the cooler the reactor and the less steam. With no pumps running, the reactor boils off the remaining water. Beware.

Turbine

Converts steam into electricity. The water pumps run on power from the grid. In a power cut, disconnect the turbine from the grid and use the electricity it produces to power the pumps. Running at high steam for too long can trip the turbine.

05Warning Signs

  • Alarm monitor: this computer warns you when the reactor is out of balance and recommends how to correct it.
  • Act now: reactor temperature over 800°, steam volume over 300 or radioactivity over 350.
  • Watch: low radioactivity, xenon building up, cold fuel, a low rod margin (most of your control rods withdrawn from the core) and low performance (long periods missing the grid's power demand).
  • Shift log: messages from colleagues and outside contacts arrive here: the local grid controller, technicians and engineers on shift at the station, and members of the leadership team.

06The Xenon Pit

At low radioactivity the core can't burn off xenon, a byproduct of fission. Xenon builds up and drags radioactivity down further, which lets even more xenon build up. Withdrawing control rods and cooling the fuel can counter this, but be cautious: once radioactivity rises, the xenon (and the brake it was providing) can burn off quickly. It's best to avoid high xenon levels.

07The Safety Test

We need to complete a safety test, a box-ticking exercise for the executives. It involves lowering power output, disconnecting the turbine from the grid and measuring how much power the coasting turbine can supply to the water pumps. The deputy chief engineer will be on site to instruct you. It would be wise to keep them happy and get the test done.

© 1986 SKALA CONTROL SYSTEMS